The Avant-Garde as Ideological Creativity

(Treading in the Steps of the Bakhtin Circle)

Vladimir V. Feshchenko

Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to engage the ideas of the Bakhtin Circle into the study of the so-called historical Avant-Garde. Voloshinov's, Medvedev's and Bakhtin's works on language as ideology are considered in the limelight of artistic practices contemporaneous to 'bakhtinians' themselves. First, the article focuses on the manner in which the Bakhtin Circle authors reconsider the concept of ideology, taking it out of political realm and entering it into the semiotic field. The study of ideology, according to Voloshinov, encompasses various fields of one's ideological creativity. Ideology in this interpretation describes the relationship of the individual to the social, the inner form to the external sign. To grasp the peculiar realization of creative ideology in Avant-Garde creativity, the paper approaches three key-note concepts - the avant-garde environment, the avant-garde consciousness and the avant-garde communication. The 'avant-gardeness' is manifested in the fact that not just a style of arts or a specific worldview model changes, but the very system of life and, consequently, the system of lifestyles and mindsets, that is, the ideology, undergoes mutation.

Most of the terminology that will be used in this paper is borrowed from two works: Marxism and the Philosophy of Language (1929) by Valentin Voloshinov and Formal Method in Literary Scholarship (1928) by Pavel Medvedev. It is in these works dating back to the 1920s - which was the era of the Avant-Garde in arts and society - that the concept of ideology was first applied to linguistic and literary issues. And although the philosophy of the Bakhtin Circle authors is based on Marxism in a considerable degree, the concept of ideology here is taken back out of its political context of class society and entered into a larger yet specific area.

While in German Ideology Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels distinguished several different understandings of ideology, their thinking is preoccupied more with the meaning that later on was appropriated by the political discourse and political philosophies. Whereas originally Marx and Engels consider ideology as an idealistic view, according to which the world is seen as realization of ideas, thoughts and principles, later on they proceeded to think of ideology as a kind of thinking process, and, eventually, as a converged method of treating reality, based on constructing a false reality which stands out for reality itself. Hence the conception of ideology as a delusive and false consciousness representing specific interests of a particular class, which stands out for the interests of the whole society. The falsity and delusion of ideology was captured by Marx's well-known maxim from Das Kapital: "Sie wissen das nicht, aber sie tun es"  ("They don't realize that, but they are doing that").

The critique of ideologies as specimens of 'false mass consciousness' since then has been at the highpoint of philosophical investigations, up to the present times. Think of such modern ideologists as Peter Sloterdijk, Slavoj Žižek and Boris Groys. Throughout the XXth century the concept of ideology was, and still is into the XXIst, mainly the heritage of Marxist thinking, consider Antonio Gramsci, Clifford Geertz and Herbert Marcuse, on the one hand, and Louis Althusser, Frederic Jameson and Terry Eagleton, on the other.[1] The French Marxist-oriented semiotician Roland Barthes equaled ideology and metalinguistic myth, which is, according to him, an ideological delusion that turns reality into a sign (1996: 55). A more balanced and, so to say, ideologically neutral standpoint was held by the Dutch linguist Theun van Dijk (1998).[2]

Now, in what manner is the concept of ideology reconsidered by Valentin Voloshinov, Pavel Medvedev and Mikhail Bakhtin?[3] Not being orthodox Marxists themselves, the Bakhtinians virtually abandoned the political and economical sense of the term. By contrast, they actualized the meaning of ideology as defined by Georgy Plekhanov and his follower Nikolay Bukharin as a system of views and ideas, through which human relationships with reality and each other are realized and evaluated (Bukharin 1988: 39-49).

Ideologics for authors of the Bakhtin Circle is a synonym for semiotics, for anything to do with signs. "Everything that is ideological has a sign meaning", Voloshinov claims (2000^b)[4].  People's relationships to reality and each other is what Voloshinov means by ideology, whereas the contents of language signs as it is conventionally understood by linguistics and semiotics, mainly covers these two types of relationships. Vladimir Alpatov even goes so far as to identify Voloshinov's concept of ideology with the semantic theory (2005: 211).

A similar understanding of ideology in semiotic terms was later developed by Charles W. Morris. In his book Signification and Significance (1964), which combines his research on the theory of signs and of values, he was indirectly speaking of ideology when using the notion of 'conceived values' as developed within the framework of his trichotomous typology (object values, operative values and conceived values). Understood as programs, planning and, therefore, in their close relation to action are nothing less than ideologies in Voloshinov's sense. Moreover, these concepts can help interpret the pragmatic ideologies of the Avant-Garde.

The study of ideology, according to Voloshinov, encompasses various fields of ideological creativity ('ideologicheskoe tvorchestvo') - be it science, arts, morality religion or whatever). Each of these fields involves particular features of the material, forms, and objectives of ideological creativity. Hence Voloshinov & Bakhtin's terms of 'scientific ideology' ('nauchnaja ideologija'), 'everyday life ideology' ('zhitejskaja ideologija') and the like. As Inna Ageeva fairly mentions, Voloshinov's treatment of the concept of ideology, on the one hand, characterizes the society in general, and on the other, predetermines the private life of individuals - members of this society (2008: 101-112).  Ideology in Voloshinov's interpretation describes the relationship of the individual to the social, the inner form to the external sign. In this respect the assertion about 'deep strata' of the 'form-generative ideology' ('formoobrazujushchaja ideologija') is elaborated by M. Bakhtin (1972) on the example of Dostoevsky's novels.[5] Although Bakhtin & Voloshinov made direct references to the Marxian concept of ideology, they came very close to de Tracy's conception (see below).[6] So, in my further analysis I will be guided by this specific view of ideology as a form-generative and sign-generative system (with no reference to Noam Chomsky's generative grammar, however).

 I will not get deep into the history of the term of ideology as it was originally defined by Antoine Destutt de Tracy and Ethienne de Condillac. I will just mention that in their work Eléments d'idéologie (1801-1815) ideology was seen as a study of ideas, an analysis of human abilities and principles of their semiotic expression based on Condillac's philosophy.[7] This understanding is, in my opinion, more relevant if we speak about the concept of ideology in the Bakhtin Circle. A similar take on ideology was later developed by the French semioticians Roland Barthes and Julia Kristeva[8], in their turn influenced by Bakhtin's writings, one way or another. Worthy of note is also an attempt to justify the specifically aesthetic ideology of literature by late Paul de Man (1996). So, this is the concept of ideology understood beyond the political realm, but rather, as a special set of practices of ideological communication, in literature, language and arts.[9] In this respect, the object of my following consideration will be the creative ideology of the Russian Avant-Garde.[10]

To grasp the peculiar realization of creative ideology in Avant-Garde creativity, I would like to approach three key-note concepts - first, the avant-garde environment; second, the avant-garde consciousness; and third, the avant-garde communication.[11] In this regard, I deliberately will not be speaking about the political implications of the Avant-Garde's ideology, connected with the 'class struggle'. In no denial of the relevance of these implications[12], I will focus upon the 'extrapolitical' understanding of ideology, that is, on the internal ideology of the avant-garde outlooks.

I cannot dwell in detail here upon how I understand the concept of the Avant-Garde. There is no generally accepted understanding of it.[13] I can only briefly argue that what I am interested in above all is not the literary-historical aspect of the Avant-Garde, but rather the specifically avant-garde way of thinking and acting. I adhere to Alexandar Flaker's (1985; 1989) concept of the 'avant-garde formation' which highlights the nature of the avant-garde performance as both an individual and collective act.[14]  Thus, the concept of the Avant-Garde is placed into a larger context of ideological creativity (encompassing such different fields as philosophy, sociology, aesthetics, semiotics, linguistics etc.).

 Ironically enough, neither the term 'avant-garde' (in its extensive cultural meaning) nor the term 'ideology' (in Voloshinov's semiotic use) was used in the so-called era of the historical Avant-Garde (1910-30s).[15] Even when they sometimes came together, they did so with an explicitly political flavor: the avant-garde was thought of as the "advanced, progressive part of the society", and the ideology in the meaning of "ideological class struggle". The term 'avant-garde' was first brought into socio-cultural theory by the American critic Clement Greenberg (1939), virtually at the end of the historical Avant-Garde. It is notable that Greenberg discusses the problem of "the avant-garde culture" with respect to study of how an individual's aesthetic experience relates to the social and historical context that shapes this experience. There is a short way from here to Voloshinov's analysis of ideology, considering the fact that Greenberg was a downright Marxist. Yet Voloshinov is way too far from considering himself an avant-garde-thinking scholar. And Bakhtin's negative attitude to his contemporary avant-gardists is well-known.[16]

So what is the point of reconciling Bakhtin Circle's explanation of ideological creativity, on the one hand, and this broad yet paradoxically specific understanding of avant-garde creativity? Is it plausible to apply the ideas of the Bakhtin Circle to the study of avant-garde mentality in general, and the Russian Avant-Garde in particular, and if so, which exactly are the most topical issues raised by Voloshinov-Medvedev-Bakhtin in this respect?[17]

To approach the understanding of avant-gardeness (or, avant-garde situation, as the contemporary Russian poet Gennady Aygi promptly put it), we need an integrated, multi-aspected treatment of the Avant-Garde as an ideological formation in a binary frame of reference, where one axis is sociality and the other is aesthetics. For Medvedev, thus, literature studies are just

a branch of a broader science of ideologies, embracing all areas of human ideological creativity on the basis of a unified principle in understanding their subject matter and an integrated methodology of its analysis (Medvedev 2000: 186).[18]

The Bakhtin Circle's notion of ideology helps, accordingly, to trace some common points where the social and the aesthetic come together, as well as to see how aesthetic experience of an artist (a writer, a poet, a philosopher) or of an artistic sociality (a community, a group, whatever) is founded by social experience. Speaking in terms more familiar to the Russian humanities, this is a problem of how life creation is transformed into creativity as such. Similarly to Voloshinov's discussion of the relation between the meaning and the sign as an ideological relationship, I would like to analyze the relation between the social and the creative activities of an artistic personality and/or artistic community as a matter of ideology. So, next, I will go through three concepts from the writings of the Bakhtin Circle.

The first is ideological environment ('ideologicheskaja sreda'). It is, according to Medvedev, the

materialized explicit social consciousness of a given community. It is determined by its economical being and determines, in its turn, the individual consciousness of each member of the community (2000: 196).

So, human consciousness connects to the being through the medium of the ideological realm surrounding it. What is this realm made of? The forms of ideological environment can be represented by language, conventional gestures, artistic images, myths, etc., Medvedev notes. The sociological method, as Voloshinov claims in tune with Medvedev, makes possible the study of ideological creativity. This method can be applied to arts in the following way: "the non-artistic social environment affecting it from the outside encounters in it the immediate internal response" (Voloshinov 2000^a: 74). Thus the message of this method is that the realm of being, which is the realm of life, is not co-articulated mechanically by the realm of consciousness, which is the realm of signs, but is coordinated with it through values of social environment.

It is crucial to understand, Medvedev suggests, the specificity and unity of the ideological environment. Man and his mind exist in this very time and this very space, and this timeness and spaceness of environment constitutes the specific type of consciousness and the specific form of ideological creativity. Therefore, instead of maintaining idealism as a study of independent existence of ideas in human consciousness, Medvedev sets forth a certain type of 'ideologism' that connects the emergence of ideas in consciousness with the specific, unified and integrated everyday and social experience.

It is noteworthy that even Bakhtin's contemporary Yuri Tynanov, a scholar seemingly extraneous to the Bakhtin Circle's ideas, drew a distinction between the 'author's environment' and the social environment, preferring to study the latter, which he calls the 'social range' ('social'nyj rjad'):

Especially unreliable here is a straightforward way to study the author's psychology and throwing a causative bridge from the author's environment, his everyday life and his class, to his works. [.] Clearly, the question here is not about his individual psychological conditions, but about objective ones, about evolution of functions of a literary range in relation to the nearest social one  (2002: 202-203).

Approximately in the same years as the 'Bakhtin scholars', Russian formalists attempt to overcome the crisis of their own methodology, approaching sociological strategies. Tynyanov and  Jakobson declare that "the studies of language and literature proceeds from categories of natural-historical sciences to those of social, or rather, sociological ones" (1928: 36). In a meaning close to Voloshinov & Medvedev's, Roman Jakobson speaks of ideology in the same years, noting the social nature of a sign: "I am referring not to psychological processes, but to phenomena of an ideological kind, namely to signs forming social values" (1929: 102).

These arguments about the ideological environment and the ideological realm appear to be predominantly practicable for the study of avant-garde creativity. It is in early XXth century that literature goes through socialization of all spheres of creative life. The variety of all possible kinds of creative associations - groups, circles, societies, clubs, cabares, artistic organizations etc.[19] - can account for a most dense and active ideological environment, where creative experience was self-esteemed in extreme individualism, on the one hand, and extreme collectivism, on the other. Individualism experienced as collectivism is an inherent feature of any avant-garde performance. And it is this high degree of 'ideologicity' of the avant-garde environment that accounts for the avalanche-like growth of all various kinds of organizational activity - from numerous institutions and societies, both official and unofficial (among them OPOYAZ, MLK, Religiozno-Filosofskoye Obshchestvo, GAKhN, VKhUTEMAS, GIII, ILYAZV, GINKhUK, VKhUTEIN and innumerable others), to utopian and often imagined associations like Alexey Remizov's Obezvolpal and Velimir Khlebnikov's Society for Chairmen of the Globe ('Obwestvo Predsedatelej Zemnogo Shara'). No wonder that with the coming to power of totalitarian ideology this kind of socializations gradually vanished, eventually being substituted with the officially proclaimed socialism.[20]  In this way ideology according to Marx pushed out the possibility of ideology according to Voloshinov. Quite consistently, his books on the Marxist philosophy of language also appeared to be pushed out from official linguistics and forgotten for a long time. Ideologies differ - that must have been the judgment of the Soviet academia.

The second concept I'm interested in is the ideological consciousness ('ideologicheskoe soznanie'). It is through and due to ideological consciousness that the human mind comprehends and appropriates socio-economical and natural being, Medvedev continues (2000: 196).  Voloshinov reiterates that consciousness can only be realized in semiotic, i.e. ideological embodiment. Consciousness is thus a material product, a sign product of ideological consciousness, which is, nevertheless social rather than individual, that is, it's shared by a whole community (Voloshinov 2000^b : 356).

Specific character of ideological consciousness is again most vividly manifested in avant-garde creativity. Speaking of avant-garde consciousness as a matter of ideology, one should draw a continuous line between the individual and collective acts of creativity. The boundaries between the former and the latter are basically blurred. A good example can be the School of Analytical Arts headed by Pavel Filonov. The ideology of the School was fully and wholly defined by Filonov himself, the Master, thus conveying the policies of collective mind and spirit, shared by all disciples of his school. And the common consciousness of all Filonov School artists is manifested in techniques almost undistinguishable from each other. Moreover, the School's ideology and consciousness involved not only the artistic element. They strongly believed that what they are doing is not just arts, it is science and religion as well. A typically avant-garde type of ideological consciousness, indeed.

Finally, the third ideological factor relevant for the Avant-Garde, is ideological communication ('ideologicheskoe obwenie'). Arguing against subjectivist theories in philosophy and humanities, Medvedev claimed that an isolated individual cannot create ideologies. It is only in the process of social interaction and social communication that the ideological creativity is implemented (2000: 190). Communication is the environment where an ideological phenomenon acquires its ideological value, its sign quality. But communication, Medvedev remarks, cannot be discussed in a simplified manner - as a crowd of people getting together at a concert hall or at an arts exhibition. Forms of cognitive communication are extremely complex, sophisticated and they lie in specific ideologies: "Every act of cognitive reflexion is determined by people's mutual commitment, and the more complex, varied and orderly this mutual commitment is, the more substantial and deep is the cognition" (2000: 196). For example, communication in literature is not about how the author and the reader are connected, but it is about the ideological relationship depending on the environment and the consciousness of this particular author and this particular reader.

According to Voloshinov and Bakhtin, communication is arranged as a sequence of specific speech acts corresponding to various situations of social interaction. Thereby, speech acts are not limited to just utterances and dialogues, Voloshinov specifies, rather they are engaged in 'everyday ideological communication'. Forms of signs are determined by both people's social organization and by conditions of their interaction and communication. Bakhtin views the relationship between the literary hero and the author as a model of ideological communication. A character in Dostoevsky's novels is a lively embodiment of an incomplete, self-conscious idea. In this regard, a quote from Bakhtin, this idea "is inter-individual and inter-subjective, the sphere of its being is not individual consciousness, but ideological communication between consciousnesses" (1972: 147). Such a conception of ideology as communication between minds, between consciousnesses, allows to throw a new light on the phenomena of avant-garde creativity viewed as ideologically communicative.

In the avant-garde environment, the carrier of which is avant-garde consciousness, peoples' interaction is characterized by a specific type of avant-garde communication. A particular case of it is the interaction between text of life and text of creativity. The model of literary text in avant-garde writings is built similarly to the model of the author's whole life context, sometimes even the 'world context' (using Bakhtin's term 'mirovoj kontekst'). Think of Khlebnikov, first and foremost. The communicative process is taking place here between the author as the author of his life and the author as the hero of his life, the same being true for his texts and writings. Becoming his own idea, the avant-garde author takes to the extreme affinity his 'everyday life ideology' and the creative ideology. The system of life modifies the system of worldview, and vice versa, and all this is happening through ideology as a link between the personality, the sociality, and the world.

The conclusion that may be drawn is the following. The 'avant-gardeness' is manifested in the fact that not just a style of arts or a specific worldview model changes, but the very system of life and, consequently, the system of lifestyles and mindsets, that is, the ideology, undergoes mutation. Using Karl Mannheim's term from Ideology and Utopia, it can be said that the Avant-Garde inaugurates a new 'style of thinking'. The avant-garde ideology can be best described in general by the words of Kazimir Malevich from the 1/42 Non-objectiveness manifesto dated 1920s: "The man has shifted to the new circumstances and must create a new form of new relationships" (2003: 132). This is a truly ideological statement, indeed, which correlates with the three concepts I have discussed above: the new circumstances standing for ideological environment, а new form - for ideological consciousness, and new relationships - for ideological communication. These three concepts allow to analyze the stylistics of ideas incidental to this or that type of its realization[21].

References

Abaev, V.I. 2006. Stat'i po teorii i istorii jazykoznanija. Moskva: Nauka.

Adorno, Theodor W. 1964. Jargon der Eigentlichkeit. Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp.

Ageeva, Inna. 2008. 'V. Vološinov et G. Špet: deux points de vue sur la sémiotique' in Seriot, Patrick and Friedrich, Janette (éds). Langage et pensée: Union Soviétique années 1920-1930. Cahiers de l'ILSL 24, 101-112.

Alpatov, V.M. 2005. Voloshinov, Bakhtin i lingvistika. Moskva: Jazyki slavjanskikh kul'tur.

Andresen, J.T. 1988. The Ideologues, Condillac and the Politics of Sign Theory.  Semiotica 72, 3/4, 271-90.

Bäckström, Per. 2001. 'Avant-garde, Vanguard or 'Avant-Garde'. What we are talking about when we are talking about avant-garde' in Granqvist, Karin and Spring, Ulrike (eds.). Representing. Gender, Nation and Ethnicity in Word and Image. Tromsø: Kvinnforsk skriftserie, 183-174.

Bakhtin, M.M. 1972. Problemy poetiki Dostoevskogo. Moskva: Hudozhestvennaja literatura.

Bakhtin, M.M. 2002. Besedy s V.D. Duvakinym. Moskva: Soglasie.

Barthes, Roland. 1996. Mifologii / Per. s franc. Moskva: Izdatel'stvo im. Sabashnikovykh.

Barthes, Roland. 2002. Rolan Bart o Rolane Barte / Per. s franc. Moskva: Ad Marginem / Stalker.

Birjukov, S.E. 2006. Avangard: Moduli i Vektory. Moskva: Vest-Konsalting.

Bondarenko, Marina. 2008. 'Reflet vs réfraction chez les philosophes marxistes du langage des années 1920-30 en Russie: V. Vološinov lu à travers V. Abaev'  in Seriot, Patrick and Friedrich, Janette (éds). Langage et pensée: Union Soviétique années 1920-1930. Cahiers de l'ILSL 24, 113-148.

Brandist, Craig. 1996. Gramsci, Bakhtin and the Semiotics of Hegemony. New Left Review I/216, March-April, 94-109.

Bukharin, N.I. 1988. 'K postanovke problem teorii istoricheskogo materializma (Beglye zametki). 1923 g.' in Izbrannye proizvedenija. Moskva: Politizdat, 39-49.

Bürger, Peter. 1974. Theorie der Avantgarde. Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp.

Busse, Winfried and Trabant, Jürgen. 1986. 'Préface' in Busse, Winfried and Trabant, Jürgen (éds.) Les Idéologues. Sémiotique, philosophie du langage et linguistique pendant la Révolution française. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, i-vii.

Calinescu, Matei. 1987. The Five Faces of Modernity: Modernism. Avant-Garde, Decadence, Kitsch, Postmodernism. Durham: Duke University Press.

Caruso, Sergio. 2002. La galassia ideologica. Per un approccio storico-problematico ai significati di ideologia. Sassari: Dessi.

Dijk, Theo van. 1998. Ideology: A multidisciplinary approach. London: Sage.

Dos Reis, Carlos Antonio Alves. 1993. Towards a Semiotics of Ideology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Duncker, Christian. 2006. Kritische Reflexionen des Ideologiebegriffes: zur Bedeutung der Ideologien für den Menschen. London: Turnshare.

Eagleton, Terry. 1990. The Ideology of the Aesthetic. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Eagleton, Terry. 1991. Ideology: An Introduction. London: Verso.

Flaker, Aleksandar (hg.). 1989. Glossarium der russischen Avantgarde. Graz; Wien: Droschl.

Flaker, Alexandar. 1985. 'Poetry as a refusal of ideology' in Balakian, Anna (ed.). Proceedings of the 10 ICLA Congress (New York, 1982). New York: Garland.

Gardiner, Michael. 1992. The Dialogics of Critique: M.M. Bakhtin and the Theory of Ideology. New York: Routledge, Chapman and Hall.

Girin, Ju.N. 2002. 'Avangard kak stil' kul'tury' in Sarukhanjan A.P. (red.) Hudozhestvennye orientiry zarubezhnoj literatury XX veka. Moskva, 83-111.

Godelier, Maurice. 1978. La part idéelle du réel. Essai sur l'idéologie. L'Homme XVIII (3-4), 155-188.

Greenberg, Clement. 1939. Avant-Garde and Kitsch. Partisan Review VI, no. 5, 34-49.

Groys, Boris. 2003. Iskusstvo utopii. Gesamtkunstwerk Stalin. Stat'i. Moskva: Khudozhestvennyj zhurnal.

Hadjinicolaou, Nicos. 1982. On the Ideology of Avantgardism. Praxis VI, 39-70.

Hawkes, David. 2003.  Ideology. 2nd ed. London: Routledge.

Hodge, Robert and Kress, Gunther. 1979. Language as Ideology. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Hollier, Denis. 1995. Le Collège de Sociologie, 1937-1939. Paris: Gallimard.

Ičin, Kornelia (ed.). 2009. Russkij avangard i ideologija. Materialy konferencii. Beograd, 2009 (to appear).

Ivanjushina, I.Ju. 1993. Russkij futurizm: Ideologija. Poetika. Pragmatika. Saratov: Izd-vo Sarat. un-ta.

Jakobson, Roman. 1929. Remarques sur l'évolution phonologique du russe comparée á celle des autres langues slaves. TCLP II, Prague.

Kohlhauer, Michael. 1995. 'Roman et idéologie. Points de vue' in Fröhlich, Juliette (éd.). Point de rencontre: Le roman. Oslo: The Research Council of Norway, 9-27.

Kristeva, Julia. 2004. Izbrannye trudy: Razrushenie poetiki / Per. s franc. Moskva: ROSSPEN.

Krusanov, A.V. 1996. Russkij avangard: 1907-1932 (Istoricheskij obzor). V 3-kh tomakh. Tom I - Boevoe desjatiletie. Sankt-Peterburg: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie.

Krusanov, A. V. 2003. Russkij avangard. T. 2. Moskva: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie.

Lanina, E.E. and Lanin, D.A. 2004. Idei i znaki: semiotika, filosofija jazyka i teorija kommunikacii v epokhu francuzskoj revoljucii. Sankt-Peterburg: Liki Rossii.

Larrain, Jorg. 1979. The Concept of Ideology. London: Hutchinson.

Malevich, Kazimir. 2003. '1/42. Bespredmetnost'' in Sobranie sochinenij v pjati tomakh. T. 4. Moskva: Gileja, 68-134

Man, Paul de. 1996. Aesthetic Ideology. Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press.

Medvedev, Ju.P. and Medvedeva, D.A. 2006. Krug M.M. Bakhtina kak "myslitel'nyj kollektiv". Zvezda 7.

Medvedev, P.N. 2000. 'Formal'nyj metod v literaturovedenii' in Bakhtin, M.M. Frejdizm. Formal'nyj metod v literaturovedenii. Marksizm i filosofija jazyka. Stat'i. Moskva: Labirint, 195-348.

Morris, Charles W. 1964. Signification and Significance: A Study of the Relations of Signs and Values. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Pêcheux, Michel. 1982. Language, semantics, and ideology (tr. from French). New York: St. Martin's.

Pechey, Graham. 2007. Mikhail Bakhtin. The Word in the World. London: Routledge.

Petrilli, S. (ed.). 1993. Sign, Dialogue and Ideology.  Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Poggioli, Renato. 1962. Teoria dell'arte d'avanguardia. Bologna: Il Mulino.

Ponzio, Augusto. 1973. Produzione liguistica e ideologia sociale: Per una teoria marxista del linguaggio e della comunicazione. Bari: De Donato.

Ponzio, Augusto. 2004. 'Ideology (Ideologie)' in Posner, Roland et al (eds.). Semiotik. Ein Handbuch zu den zeichentheoretischen Grundlagen von Natur und Kultur/Semiotics. A Handbook on the Sign-Theoretic Foundations of Nature and Culture, vol. 4. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 3436-3447.

Pupovac, Milorad. 1986. Lingvistika i ideologija. Novi Sad: Književna zajednica Novog Sada.

Revzina, O.G. 2005. Diskurs i diskursivnye formacii. Kritika i semiotika 8, 66-78.

Rosenberg, Harold. 1967. 'Collective, ideological, combative' in Hess, T. B. and Ashbery, J. (eds.). Avant-garde art. London: Collier-Macmillan, 81-92

Rossi Landi, Ferruccio. 2005. Ideologia. Roma: Meltemi.

Sarab'janov, D.V. 2000. 'K ogranicheniju ponjatija "avangard"' in  Mejlakh, M.B. and Sarab'janov, D.V. (red.). Poezija i zhivopis': Sb. trudov pamjati N. I. Hardzhieva. Moskva: Jazyki russkoj kul'tury, 83-91.

Sers, Philippe. 2004. Totalitarizm i avangard. V preddverii zapredel'nogo / Per. franc. Moskva: Progress-Tradicija.

Shapir, M.I. 2008. Contra philologiam: Lingvisticheskoe i ideologicheskoe v knige M.M. Bakhtina i V.N. Voloshinova Marksizm i filosofija jazyka.   Russian Literature LXIII-II/III/IV, 231-258.

Schruba, Manfred. 2004. Literaturnye ob'edinenija Moskvy i Peterburga 1890-1917 godov: Slovar'. Moskva: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie.

Tamarchenko, N. M. 2008. Bakhtin i P. Medvedev: sud'ba "Vvedenija v poetiku". Voprosy literatury 5.

Tchougounnikov, Sergueï. 2008.   'Vološinov entre la psycholinguistique et la "science des ideologies"' in Seriot, Patrick and Friedrich, Janette (éds). Langage et pensée: Union Soviétique années 1920-1930. Cahiers de l'ILSL 24, 59-76.

Thompson, John. 1984. Studies in the Theory of Ideology. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Threadgold, Terry et al (eds.). 1986. Language, Semiotics, Ideology. (Sydney Studies in Society and Culture 3). Sydney: The Sydney Association for Studies in Society and Culture.

Tihanov, Galin. 2000. The Master and the Slave. Lukacs, Bakhtin, and the Ideas of Their Time. Oxford: Oxford UP.

Tihanov, Galin. 2002. 'Voloshinov, Ideology and Language: The Birth of Marxist Sociology from the Spirit of Lebensphilosophie' in Gardiner, Michael E. (ed.) Mikhail Bakhtin, vol. 1. London: Sage.

Tynjanov, Ju.N. 2002. 'O literaturnoj evoljucii' in Literaturnaja evoljucija: Izbrannye trudy. Moskva: Agraf, 189-204.

Tynjanov, Ju.N. and Jakobson, R.O. 1928. Problemy izuchenija literatury i jazyka. Novyj Lef 12, 35-37.

V'jugin, Valery. 2008. 'Interpretacija bessmyslija (K voprosu ob opredelenii avangarda)' in Loshchilov, I.E. (red.) Interpretacija i avangard: mezhvuzovskij sbornik nauchnyh trudov. Novosibirsk: Izd. NGPU, 290-295.

Voloshinov, V.N. 2000^a. 'Slovo v zhizni i slovo v poezii' in Bakhtin, M.M. Frejdizm. Formal'nyj metod v literaturovedenii. Marksizm i filosofija jazyka. Stat'i. Moskva: Labirint, 72-94.

Voloshinov, V.N. 2000^b. Marksizm i filosofija jazyka in Bakhtin, M.M. Frejdizm. Formal'nyj metod v literaturovedenii. Marksizm i filosofija jazyka. Stat'i. Moskva: Labirint, 349-486.

Walton, William G. 1981. 'V. N. Voloshinov: a Marriage of Formalism and Marxism' in Zima, Peter V. Semiotics and Dialectics: Ideology and the Text. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 39-102.

Weightman, John. 1973. The Concept of the Avant-Garde: Explorations in Modernism. London, England: Alcove Press.